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Populus

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="Liriodendron_tulipifera" title="Liriodendron tulipifera">Liriodendron tulipifera</a> (tulip poplar).</div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="Populace" class="mw-redirect" title="Populace">Populace</a>.</div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="Populus_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Populus (disambiguation)">Populus (disambiguation)</a>.</div>

<th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)">Populus <div style="font-size: 85%;">Temporal range: <a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> <a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></div>

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<td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">Leaf of <a href="Populus_tremula" title="Populus tremula">Populus tremula</a>

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<th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a>

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<td>Kingdom:

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<td><a href="Plant" title="Plant">Plantae</a>

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<td>Clade:

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<td><a href="Vascular_plant" title="Vascular plant">Tracheophytes</a>

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<td>Clade:

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<td><a href="Flowering_plant" title="Flowering plant">Angiosperms</a>

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<td>Clade:

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<td><a href="Eudicots" title="Eudicots">Eudicots</a>

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<td>Clade:

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<td><a href="Rosids" title="Rosids">Rosids</a>

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<td>Order:

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<td><a href="Malpighiales" title="Malpighiales">Malpighiales</a>

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<td>Family:

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<td><a href="Salicaceae" title="Salicaceae">Salicaceae</a>

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<td>Subfamily:

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<td><a href="Salicoideae" class="mw-redirect" title="Salicoideae">Salicoideae</a>

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<td>Tribe:

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<td>Saliceae

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<td>Genus:

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<th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="Type_species" title="Type species">Type species</a>

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<td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><a href="Populus_tremula" title="Populus tremula">Populus tremula</a> <div style="font-size: 85%;">L.</div>

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<th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="Section_(botany)" title="Section (botany)">Sections</a> and <a href="Species" title="Species">species</a>

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See <a href="#Classification">text</a>

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Populus is a genus of 25–30 species of <a href="Deciduous" title="Deciduous">deciduous</a> flowering plants in the family <a href="Salicaceae" title="Salicaceae">Salicaceae</a>, native to most of the <a href="Northern_Hemisphere" title="Northern Hemisphere">Northern Hemisphere</a>. English names variously applied to different species include poplar (/ˈpɒplər/), aspen, and cottonwood.

The western balsam poplar (<a href="Populus_trichocarpa" title="Populus trichocarpa">P. trichocarpa</a>) was the first tree to have its full DNA code determined by <a href="DNA_sequencing" title="DNA sequencing">DNA sequencing</a>, in 2006.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2></div>

The genus has a large genetic diversity, and can grow from 15–50 m (49–164 ft) tall, with trunks up to 2.5 m (8 ft) in diameter.

The <a href="Bark_(botany)" title="Bark (botany)">bark</a> on young trees is smooth and white to greenish or dark gray, and often has conspicuous <a href="Lenticel" title="Lenticel">lenticels</a>; on old trees, it remains smooth in some species, but becomes rough and deeply fissured in others. The shoots are stout, with (unlike in the related <a href="Willow" title="Willow">willows</a>) the terminal bud present. The <a href="Leaves" class="mw-redirect" title="Leaves">leaves</a> are spirally arranged, and vary in shape from triangular to circular or (rarely) lobed, and with a long <a href="Petiole_(botany)" title="Petiole (botany)">petiole</a>; in species in the sections Populus and Aigeiros, the petioles are laterally flattened, so that breezes easily cause the leaves to wobble back and forth, giving the whole tree a "twinkling" appearance in a breeze. Leaf size is very variable even on a single tree, typically with small leaves on side shoots, and very large leaves on strong-growing lead shoots. The leaves often turn bright gold to yellow before they fall during autumn.<a href="#cite_note-rdm-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-rushforth-6">[6]</a>

The <a href="Flower" title="Flower">flowers</a> are mostly <a href="Dioecious" class="mw-redirect" title="Dioecious">dioecious</a> (rarely <a href="Monoecious" class="mw-redirect" title="Monoecious">monoecious</a>) and appear in early spring before the leaves. They are borne in long, drooping, sessile or pedunculate <a href="Catkin" title="Catkin">catkins</a> produced from buds formed in the axils of the leaves from the previous year. The flowers are each seated in a cup-shaped disk which is borne on the base of a scale which is itself attached to the rachis of the catkin. The scales are obovate, lobed, and fringed, membranous, hairy or smooth, and usually caducous. The male flowers are without <a href="Calyx_(botany)" class="mw-redirect" title="Calyx (botany)">calyx</a> or <a href="Corolla_(flower)" class="mw-redirect" title="Corolla (flower)">corolla</a>, and comprise a group of four to 60 <a href="Stamen" title="Stamen">stamens</a> inserted on a disk; filaments are short and pale yellow; <a href="Anther" class="mw-redirect" title="Anther">anthers</a> are oblong, purple or red, introrse, and two-celled; the cells open longitudinally. The female flower also has no calyx or corolla, and comprises a single-celled ovary seated in a cup-shaped disk. The style is short, with two to four stigmata, variously lobed, and numerous ovules. Pollination is by wind, with the female catkins lengthening considerably between pollination and maturity. The <a href="Fruit" title="Fruit">fruit</a> is a two- to four-valved <a href="Dehiscence_(botany)" title="Dehiscence (botany)">dehiscent</a> <a href="Capsule_(fruit)" title="Capsule (fruit)">capsule</a>, green to reddish-brown, mature in midsummer, containing numerous minute, light-brown <a href="Seed" title="Seed">seeds</a> surrounded by tufts of long, soft, white hairs aiding wind dispersal.<a href="#cite_note-rdm-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-Keeler-7">[7]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Taxonomy">Taxonomy</h2></div>

The genus Populus has traditionally been divided into six sections on the basis of leaf and flower characters;<a href="#cite_note-rushforth-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> this classification is followed below. Recent genetic studies have largely supported this, confirming some previously suspected reticulate evolution due to past <a href="Hybrid_(biology)" title="Hybrid (biology)">hybridisation</a> and introgression events between the groups. Some species (noted below) had differing relationships indicated by their <a href="Nuclear_DNA" title="Nuclear DNA">nuclear DNA</a> (paternally inherited) and <a href="Chloroplast_DNA" title="Chloroplast DNA">chloroplast DNA</a> sequences (maternally inherited), a clear indication of likely hybrid origin.<a href="#cite_note-hamzeh-9">[9]</a> Hybridisation continues to be common in the genus, with several hybrids between species in different sections known.<a href="#cite_note-rdm-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> There are currently 57 accepted species in the genus.<a href="#cite_note-potw-11">[11]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Phylogeny">Phylogeny</h3></div>

Some of the most easily identifiable fossils of this genus belongs to Populus wilmattae, which come from the <a href="Danian" title="Danian">Late Paleocene</a> of North America about 58 million years ago.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> However, fossils from the Cretaceous of this genus have been found in Tibet and Heilongjiang, China.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Selected_species">Selected species</h3></div>

<ul><li><a href="Populus_sect._Populus" title="Populus sect. Populus">Populus section Populus</a> – <a href="Aspen" title="Aspen">aspens</a> and white poplar (circumpolar subarctic and cool temperate, and mountains farther south, white poplar warm temperate)

<ul><li><a href="Populus_adenopoda" title="Populus adenopoda">Populus adenopoda</a> – Chinese aspen (eastern Asia)</li>

<li><a href="Populus_alba" title="Populus alba">Populus alba</a> – white poplar (southern Europe to central Asia)

<ul><li><a href="Populus_%C3%97_canescens" title="Populus × canescens">Populus × canescens</a> (P. alba × P. tremula) – grey poplar</li></ul></li>

<li>Populus davidiana – Korean aspen (eastern Asia)</li>

<li><a href="Populus_grandidentata" title="Populus grandidentata">Populus grandidentata</a> – bigtooth aspen (eastern North America)</li>

<li>Populus luziarum – <a href="Jalisco" title="Jalisco">Jalisco</a>, Mexico<a href="#cite_note-primaveralepensis-14">[14]</a></li>

<li>Populus primaveralepensis – <a href="Jalisco" title="Jalisco">Jalisco</a>, Mexico<a href="#cite_note-primaveralepensis-14">[14]</a></li>

<li>Populus sieboldii – Japanese aspen (eastern Asia)</li>

<li><a href="Populus_tremula" title="Populus tremula">Populus tremula</a> – aspen, common aspen, Eurasian aspen, European aspen, quaking aspen (Europe, northern Asia)</li>

<li><a href="Populus_tremuloides" title="Populus tremuloides">Populus tremuloides</a> – quaking aspen or trembling aspen (North America)</li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Populus_sect._Aigeiros" title="Populus sect. Aigeiros">Populus section Aigeiros</a> – black poplars, some of the cottonwoods (North America, Europe, western Asia; temperate)

<ul><li><a href="Populus_deltoides" title="Populus deltoides">Populus deltoides</a> – eastern cottonwood (eastern North America)</li>

<li><a href="Populus_fremontii" title="Populus fremontii">Populus fremontii</a> – Fremont cottonwood (western North America)</li>

<li><a href="Populus_nigra" title="Populus nigra">Populus nigra</a> – black poplar (Europe), placed here by nuclear DNA; <a href="Chloroplast_DNA" title="Chloroplast DNA">cpDNA</a> places it in sect. Populus (including Populus afghanica)

<ul><li><a href="Populus_%C3%97_canadensis" title="Populus × canadensis">Populus × canadensis</a> (P. deltoides × P. nigra) – hybrid black poplar</li>

<li>Populus × inopina (P. nigra × P. fremontii) – hybrid black poplar</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Populus_sect._Tacamahaca" title="Populus sect. Tacamahaca">Populus section Tacamahaca</a> – balsam poplars (North America, Asia; cool temperate)

<ul><li><a href="Populus_angustifolia" title="Populus angustifolia">Populus angustifolia</a> – willow-leaved poplar or narrowleaf cottonwood (central North America)</li>

<li><a href="Populus_balsamifera" title="Populus balsamifera">Populus balsamifera</a> – Balsam poplar (northern North America) (= P. candicans, P. tacamahaca)</li>

<li>Populus cathayana – (northeast Asia)</li>

<li><a href="Populus_ciliata" title="Populus ciliata">Populus ciliata</a> – (Asia)</li>

<li><a href="Populus_koreana" class="mw-redirect" title="Populus koreana">Populus koreana</a> J.Rehnder – Korean poplar (northeast Asia)</li>

<li><a href="Populus_laurifolia" title="Populus laurifolia">Populus laurifolia</a> – laurel-leaf poplar (central Asia)</li>

<li><a href="Populus_maximowiczii" class="mw-redirect" title="Populus maximowiczii">Populus maximowiczii</a> A.Henry – Maximowicz' poplar, Korean poplar, Mongolian poplar, Japanese poplar (northeast Asia)</li>

<li><a href="Populus_simonii" title="Populus simonii">Populus simonii</a> – Simon's poplar (northeast Asia)</li>

<li><a href="Populus_suaveolens" title="Populus suaveolens">Populus suaveolens</a> Fischer – Korean poplar, Mongolian poplar, Japanese poplar (northeast Asia)</li>

<li>Populus szechuanica – Sichuan poplar (northeast Asia), placed here by nuclear DNA; <a href="Chloroplast_DNA" title="Chloroplast DNA">cpDNA</a> places it in sect. Aigeiros</li>

<li><a href="Populus_trichocarpa" title="Populus trichocarpa">Populus trichocarpa</a> – western balsam poplar or black cottonwood (western North America)</li>

<li>Populus tristis (northeast Asia), placed here by nuclear DNA; <a href="Chloroplast_DNA" title="Chloroplast DNA">cpDNA</a> places it in sect. Aigeiros</li>

<li><a href="Populus_ussuriensis" class="mw-redirect" title="Populus ussuriensis">Populus ussuriensis</a> – Ussuri poplar (northeast Asia)</li>

<li><a href="Populus_yunnanensis" title="Populus yunnanensis">Populus yunnanensis</a> – Yunnan poplar (east Asia)</li></ul></li>

<li>Populus section Leucoides – necklace poplars or bigleaf poplars (eastern North America, eastern Asia; warm temperate)

<ul><li><a href="Populus_heterophylla" title="Populus heterophylla">Populus heterophylla</a> – downy poplar (southeastern North America)</li>

<li><a href="Populus_lasiocarpa" title="Populus lasiocarpa">Populus lasiocarpa</a> – Chinese necklace poplar (eastern Asia)</li>

<li><a href="Populus_wilsonii" title="Populus wilsonii">Populus wilsonii</a> – Wilson's poplar (eastern Asia)</li></ul></li>

<li>Populus section Turanga – subtropical poplars (southwest Asia, east Africa; subtropical to tropical)

<ul><li><a href="Populus_euphratica" title="Populus euphratica">Populus euphratica</a> – Euphrates poplar (North Africa, southwest and central Asia)</li>

<li><a href="Populus_ilicifolia" title="Populus ilicifolia">Populus ilicifolia</a> – Tana River poplar (East Africa)</li></ul></li>

<li>Populus section Abaso – Mexican poplars (Mexico; subtropical to tropical)

<ul><li><a href="Populus_guzmanantlensis" title="Populus guzmanantlensis">Populus guzmanantlensis</a> (Mexico) (may be conspecific with <a href="Populus_simaroa" title="Populus simaroa">Populus simaroa</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Populus_mexicana" title="Populus mexicana">Populus mexicana</a> – Mexico poplar (Mexico)</li></ul></li>

<li>Intersectional hybrids

<ul><li><a href="Populus_%C3%97_acuminata" title="Populus × acuminata">Populus × acuminata</a> (P. angustifolia × P. deltoides) – lanceleaf cottonwood</li>

<li>Populus <a href="Pacific_albus" title="Pacific albus">Pacific albus</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> (North America)</li></ul></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ecology">Ecology</h2></div>

Poplars of the cottonwood section are often wetlands or <a href="Riparian" class="mw-redirect" title="Riparian">riparian</a> trees. The aspens are among the most important <a href="Boreal_ecosystem" title="Boreal ecosystem">boreal</a> broadleaf trees.<a href="#cite_note-rdm-5">[5]</a>

Poplars and aspens are important food plants for the <a href="Larva" title="Larva">larvae</a> of a large number of <a href="Lepidoptera" title="Lepidoptera">Lepidoptera</a> species. <a href="Pleurotus_populinus" title="Pleurotus populinus">Pleurotus populinus</a>, the aspen oyster mushroom, is found exclusively on dead wood of Populus trees in North America.

Several species of Populus in the United Kingdom and other parts of Europe have experienced heavy <a href="Forest_dieback" title="Forest dieback">dieback</a>; this is thought in part to be due to <a href="Hornet_moth" title="Hornet moth">Sesia apiformis</a> which bores into the trunk of the tree during its larval stage.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultivation">Cultivation</h2></div>

Many poplars are grown as <a href="Ornamental_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="Ornamental tree">ornamental trees</a>, with numerous <a href="Cultivar" title="Cultivar">cultivars</a> used. They have the advantage of growing to a very large size at a rapid pace. Almost all poplars take root readily from cuttings or where broken branches lie on the ground (they also often have remarkable suckering abilities, and can form huge colonies from a single original tree, such as the famous <a href="Pando_(tree)" title="Pando (tree)">Pando</a> forest made of thousands of <a href="Populus_tremuloides" title="Populus tremuloides">Populus tremuloides</a> clones).

Trees with <a href="Fastigiate" class="mw-redirect" title="Fastigiate">fastigiate</a> (erect, columnar) branching are particularly popular, and are widely grown across Europe and southwest Asia. However, like <a href="Willow" title="Willow">willows</a>, poplars have very vigorous and invasive root systems stretching up to 40 metres (130 ft) from the trees; planting close to houses or ceramic water pipes may result in damaged foundations and cracked walls and pipes due to their search for moisture.

A simple, reproducible, high-frequency micropropagation protocol in eastern cottonwood Populus deltoides has been reported by Yadav et al. 2009.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="India">India</h3></div>

In India, the poplar is grown commercially by farmers, mainly in the <a href="Punjab" title="Punjab">Punjab</a> region. Common poplar varieties are:

<ul><li>G48 (grown in the plains of Punjab, Haryana, UP)</li>

<li>w22 (grown in mountainous regions, e.g., Himachal Pradesh, Pathankot, Jammu)</li></ul>

The trees are grown from kalam or cuttings, harvested annually in January and February, and commercially available up to 15 November.

Poplars are most commonly used to make <a href="Plywood" title="Plywood">plywood</a>: <a href="Yamuna_Nagar" class="mw-redirect" title="Yamuna Nagar">Yamuna Nagar</a> in <a href="Haryana" title="Haryana">Haryana</a> state has a large plywood industry reliant upon poplar. It is graded according to sizes known as "over" (over 24 inches (610 mm)), "under" (18–24 inches (460–610 mm)), and "sokta" (less than 18 inches (460 mm)).

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pakistan">Pakistan</h3></div>

In Pakistan, poplar is grown on a commercial level by farmers in Punjab, Sindh, and <a href="Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa" title="Khyber Pakhtunkhwa">Khyber Pakhtunkhwa</a> Provinces. However, all varieties are seriously susceptible to termite attack, causing significant losses to poplar every year. Logs of poplar are therefore also used as bait in termite traps for biocontrol of termites in crops.

Although the wood from Populus is known as poplar wood, a common high-quality hardwood "poplar" with a greenish colour is actually from an unrelated genus <a href="Liriodendron" title="Liriodendron">Liriodendron</a>. Populus wood is a lighter, more porous material.

Its flexibility and close grain make it suitable for a number of applications, similar to those of willow. The Greeks and Etruscans made shields of poplar, and <a href="Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a> also recommended poplar for this purpose.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> Poplar continued to be used for shield construction through the Middle Ages and was renowned for a durability similar to that of oak, but with a substantial reduction in weight.

In addition to the foliage and other parts of Populus species being consumed by animals, the starchy sap layer (underneath the outer bark) is edible to humans, both raw and cooked.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Manufacturing">Manufacturing</h3></div>

<ul><li>Guitar production, mainly used with cheaper import guitars</li>

<li>In many areas, fast-growing <a href="Hybrid_(biology)" title="Hybrid (biology)">hybrid</a> poplars are grown on <a href="Plantation" title="Plantation">plantations</a> for <a href="Pulpwood" title="Pulpwood">pulpwood</a></li>

<li>Poplar is widely used for the manufacture of <a href="Paper" title="Paper">paper</a>.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a></li>

<li>It is also sold as inexpensive hardwood <a href="Timber" class="mw-redirect" title="Timber">timber</a>, used for <a href="Pallet" title="Pallet">pallets</a> and cheap <a href="Plywood" title="Plywood">plywood</a>; more specialised uses including matches and <a href="Match" title="Match">matchboxes</a> and the boxes for <a href="Camembert_(cheese)" class="mw-redirect" title="Camembert (cheese)">Camembert cheese</a>.</li>

<li>Poplar wood is also widely used in the <a href="Snowboard" title="Snowboard">snowboard</a> industry for the snowboard core, because it has exceptional flexibility, and is sometimes used in the bodies of <a href="Electric_guitar" title="Electric guitar">electric guitars</a> and <a href="Drum" title="Drum">drums</a>.</li>

<li>Poplar wood, particularly when seasoned, makes a good hearth for a <a href="Bow_drill" title="Bow drill">bow drill</a>.</li>

<li>Because of its high <a href="Tannic_acid" title="Tannic acid">tannic acid</a> content, the bark has been used in Europe for tanning leather.<a href="#cite_note-Keeler-7">[7]</a></li>

<li>Poplar wood can be used to produce <a href="Chopsticks" title="Chopsticks">chopsticks</a> or <a href="Wooden_shoes" class="mw-redirect" title="Wooden shoes">wooden shoes</a>.</li>

<li>Baking <a href="Mold_(cooking_implement)" title="Mold (cooking implement)">moulds</a> from <a href="Wood_veneer" title="Wood veneer">peeled</a> poplar may be used in the freezer, oven, or microwave oven.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Energy">Energy</h3></div>

Interest exists in using poplar as an <a href="Energy_crop" title="Energy crop">energy crop</a> for <a href="Biomass" title="Biomass">biomass</a>, in <a href="Energy_forestry" title="Energy forestry">energy forestry</a> systems, particularly in light of its high energy-in to energy-out ratio, large carbon mitigation potential, and fast growth.

In the United Kingdom, poplar (as with fellow energy crop willow) is typically grown in a <a href="Short_rotation_coppice" title="Short rotation coppice">short rotation coppice</a> system for two to five years (with single or multiple stems), then harvested and burned - the yield of some varieties can be as high as 12 oven-dry tonnes per hectare every year.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a>

In warmer regions like Italy this crop can produce up to 13.8, 16.4 oven-dry tonnes of biomass per hectare every year for biannual and triennial cutting cycles also showing a positive energy balance and a high <a href="Efficient_energy_use" title="Efficient energy use">energy efficiency</a>.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a>

In Sweden and other parts of Europe, poplar plantations on agricultural land have demonstrated considerable potential for supplying biomass for energy, with studies showing high yields and positive energy balances.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> Research indicates that these plantations can be managed sustainably with appropriate practices. For instance, nitrogen fertilization has been shown to increase biomass yields, although its effects on nutrient leaching and environmental quality require careful management.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> Studies also highlight the importance of considering water and soil quality when establishing Populus plantations, as well-managed systems can have neutral or even positive impacts on groundwater and soil organic carbon.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a>

Furthermore, poplar and willow plantations can provide ecosystem services beyond bioenergy, such as improving water quality and contributing to phytotechnologies for environmental remediation.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> Overall, the cultivation of Populus for energy use is viewed as a promising and sustainable approach in temperate regions, provided that best management practices are followed.

<a href="Biofuel" title="Biofuel">Biofuel</a> is another option for using poplar as bioenergy supply. In the United States, scientists studied converting <a href="Short_rotation_coppice" title="Short rotation coppice">short rotation coppice</a> poplar into sugars for biofuel (e.g. ethanol) production.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a>

Considering the relative cheap price, the process of making biofuel from SRC can be economically feasible, although the conversion yield from short rotation coppice (as juvenile crops) were lower than regular mature wood. Besides biochemical conversion, thermochemical conversion (e.g. fast pyrolysis) was also studied for making biofuel from short rotation coppice poplar and was found to have higher <a href="Energy_recovery" title="Energy recovery">energy recovery</a> than that from bioconversion.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a>

Poplar was the most common wood used in Italy for <a href="Panel_painting" title="Panel painting">panel paintings</a>; the <a href="Mona_Lisa" title="Mona Lisa">Mona Lisa</a> and most famous early <a href="Italian_Renaissance" title="Italian Renaissance">Italian Renaissance</a> paintings are on poplar.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> The wood is generally white, often with a slightly yellowish colour.

Some <a href="Stringed_instrument" class="mw-redirect" title="Stringed instrument">stringed instruments</a> are made with one-piece poplar backs; <a href="Viola" title="Viola">violas</a> made in this fashion are said to have a particularly resonant tone. Similarly, though typically it is considered to have a less attractive grain than the traditional <a href="Sitka_spruce" class="mw-redirect" title="Sitka spruce">sitka spruce</a>, poplar is beginning to be targeted by some <a href="Harp" title="Harp">harp</a> <a href="Luthier" title="Luthier">luthiers</a> as a sustainable and even superior alternative for their <a href="Sound_board_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sound board (music)">sound boards</a>:<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> in these cases another hardwood veneer is sometimes applied to the resonant poplar base both for cosmetic reasons, and supposedly to fine-tune the acoustic properties.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Land_management">Land management</h3></div>

<a href="Lombardy_poplar" class="mw-redirect" title="Lombardy poplar">Lombardy poplars</a> are frequently used as a <a href="Windbreak" title="Windbreak">windbreak</a> around agricultural fields to protect against wind erosion.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Agriculture">Agriculture</h3></div>

Logs from the poplar provide a growing medium for <a href="Shiitake" title="Shiitake">shiitake</a> mushrooms.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Phytoremediation">Phytoremediation</h3></div>

Poplar represents a suitable candidate for <a href="Phytoremediation" title="Phytoremediation">phytoremediation</a> since it has the ability to remove and store harmful pollutants in its trunk while also removing air pollution.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> This plant has been successfully used to target many types of pollutants including <a href="Trace_element" title="Trace element">trace element</a> (TEs) in soil<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> and <a href="Sewage_sludge" title="Sewage sludge">sewage sludge</a>,<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> <a href="Polychlorinated_Biphenyl" class="mw-redirect" title="Polychlorinated Biphenyl">Polychlorinated Biphenyl</a> (PCBs),<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> <a href="Trichloroethylene" title="Trichloroethylene">Trichloroethylene</a> (TCE),<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> <a href="Polycyclic_Aromatic_Hydrocarbon" class="mw-redirect" title="Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon">Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon</a> (PAHs).<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2></div>

Two notable poems in English lament the cutting down of poplars, <a href="William_Cowper" title="William Cowper">William Cowper</a>'s "The Poplar Field" and <a href="Gerard_Manley_Hopkins" title="Gerard Manley Hopkins">Gerard Manley Hopkins</a>' "<a href="Binsey_Poplars" title="Binsey Poplars">Binsey Poplars</a> felled 1879".

In <a href="Billie_Holiday" title="Billie Holiday">Billie Holiday</a>'s "<a href="Strange_Fruit" title="Strange Fruit">Strange Fruit</a>", she sings "Black bodies swinging in the southern breeze/Strange fruit hanging from the poplar trees…".

The Odd Poplars Alley, in <a href="Ia%C8%99i" title="Iași">Iași</a>, Romania, is one of the spots where <a href="Mihai_Eminescu" title="Mihai Eminescu">Mihai Eminescu</a> sought inspiration in his works (the poem "Down Where the Lonely Poplars Grow"). In 1973, the 15 white poplars still left (with age ranges between 233 and 371 years) were declared natural monuments.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a>

In Ukraine, one of neighborhoods of <a href="Kyiv" title="Kyiv">Kyiv</a> is named after <a href="Populus_nigra" title="Populus nigra">Populus nigra</a> as <a href="Osokorky" title="Osokorky">Osokorky</a>, a local name.

In Greek mythology, the <a href="Heliades" title="Heliades">Heliades</a> were turned into poplar trees by the gods when their brother, <a href="Phaethon" title="Phaethon">Paethon</a>, died after attempting to drive his father, <a href="Helios" title="Helios">Helios</a>, his chariot across the sky.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

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<ul><li> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Populus" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Populus">Populus</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li></ul>

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</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Woodworking500" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">

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</style><div id="Woodworking500" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Woodworking" title="Woodworking">Woodworking</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Overviews</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="History_of_wood_carving" title="History of wood carving">History</a></li>

<li><a href="Glossary_of_woodworking" title="Glossary of woodworking">Glossary</a></li>

<li><a href="Wood" title="Wood">Wood</a> (<a href="Lumber" title="Lumber">lumber</a>)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Occupations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Boat_building" title="Boat building">Boat building</a></li>

<li><a href="Bow_and_arrow" title="Bow and arrow">Bow and arrow</a></li>

<li><a href="Bush_carpentry" title="Bush carpentry">Bush carpentry</a></li>

<li><a href="Cabinetry" title="Cabinetry">Cabinetry</a></li>

<li><a href="Caning_(furniture)" title="Caning (furniture)">Caning</a></li>

<li><a href="Carpentry" title="Carpentry">Carpentry</a></li>

<li><a href="Certosina" title="Certosina">Certosina</a></li>

<li><a href="Chainsaw_carving" title="Chainsaw carving">Chainsaw carving</a></li>

<li><a href="Chip_carving" title="Chip carving">Chip carving</a></li>

<li><a href="%C3%89b%C3%A9niste" title="Ébéniste">Ébéniste</a></li>

<li><a href="Fretwork" title="Fretwork">Fretwork</a></li>

<li><a href="Intarsia" title="Intarsia">Intarsia</a></li>

<li><a href="Japanese_carpentry" title="Japanese carpentry">Japanese carpentry</a></li>

<li><a href="Khatam" title="Khatam">Khatam</a></li>

<li><a href="Kohlrosing" title="Kohlrosing">Kohlrosing</a></li>

<li><a href="Log_building" title="Log building">Log building</a></li>

<li><a href="Luthier" title="Luthier">Luthier</a></li>

<li><a href="Marquetry" title="Marquetry">Marquetry</a></li>

<li><a href="Millwork" title="Millwork">Millwork</a></li>

<li><a href="Pallet_crafts" title="Pallet crafts">Pallet crafting</a></li>

<li><a href="Parquet" title="Parquet">Parquetry</a></li>

<li><a href="Pyrography" title="Pyrography">Pyrography</a></li>

<li><a href="Relief_carving" title="Relief carving">Relief carving</a></li>

<li><a href="Root_carving" title="Root carving">Root carving</a></li>

<li><a href="Segmented_turning" title="Segmented turning">Segmented turning</a></li>

<li><a href="Shingle_weaver" title="Shingle weaver">Shingle weaving</a></li>

<li><a href="Shipbuilding" title="Shipbuilding">Shipbuilding</a></li>

<li><a href="Spindle_turning" title="Spindle turning">Spindle turning</a></li>

<li><a href="Timber_framing" title="Timber framing">Timber framing</a></li>

<li><a href="Treen" title="Treen">Treen</a></li>

<li><a href="Whittling" title="Whittling">Whittling</a></li>

<li><a href="Wood_carving" title="Wood carving">Wood carving</a></li>

<li><a href="Woodturning" title="Woodturning">Woodturning</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="List_of_woods" title="List of woods">Woods</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:3.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Softwood" title="Softwood">Soft</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="List_of_plants_known_as_cedar" title="List of plants known as cedar">Cedar</a> (<a href="Calocedrus" title="Calocedrus">Calocedrus</a>, <a href="Cedrus" title="Cedrus">Cedrus</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Cypress" title="Cypress">Cypress</a></li>

<li><a href="Douglas_fir" title="Douglas fir">Douglas fir</a></li>

<li><a href="Juniper" title="Juniper">Juniper</a></li>

<li><a href="Larch" title="Larch">Larch</a></li>

<li><a href="Agathis" title="Agathis">Kauri</a></li>

<li><a href="Spruce" title="Spruce">Spruce</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:3.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Hardwood" title="Hardwood">Hard</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Pericopsis_elata" title="Pericopsis elata">Afromosia</a></li>

<li><a href="Alder" title="Alder">Alder</a></li>

<li><a href="Carapa_guianensis" title="Carapa guianensis">Andiroba</a></li>

<li><a href="Anigre" title="Anigre">Anigre</a></li>

<li><a href="Malus" title="Malus">Apple</a></li>

<li><a href="Aspen" title="Aspen">Aspen</a></li>

<li><a href="Turraeanthus_africanus" title="Turraeanthus africanus">Avodire</a></li>

<li><a href="Ochroma" title="Ochroma">Balsa</a></li>

<li><a href="Beech" title="Beech">Beech</a></li>

<li><a href="Bilinga_(wood)" title="Bilinga (wood)">Bilinga</a></li>

<li><a href="Birch" title="Birch">Birch</a></li>

<li><a href="Dalbergia_melanoxylon" title="Dalbergia melanoxylon">African Blackwood</a></li>

<li><a href="Acacia_melanoxylon" title="Acacia melanoxylon">Australian Blackwood</a></li>

<li><a href="Buxus" title="Buxus">Boxwood</a></li>

<li><a href="Guibourtia" title="Guibourtia">Bubinga</a></li>

<li><a href="Camphora_officinarum" title="Camphora officinarum">Camphor</a></li>

<li><a href="Cedrela" title="Cedrela">Cedrela</a></li>

<li><a href="Prunus" title="Prunus">Cherry</a></li>

<li><a href="Chestnut" title="Chestnut">Chestnut</a></li>

<li><a href="Cocobolo" title="Cocobolo">Cocobolo</a></li>

<li><a href="Dipteryx_odorata" title="Dipteryx odorata">Cumaru</a></li>

<li><a href="Ebony" title="Ebony">Ebony</a></li>

<li><a href="Eucalyptus" title="Eucalyptus">Eucalyptus</a></li>

<li><a href="Hazel" title="Hazel">Hazel</a></li>

<li><a href="Hickory" title="Hickory">Hickory</a></li>

<li><a href="Hornbeam" title="Hornbeam">Hornbeam</a></li>

<li><a href="Terminalia_ivorensis" title="Terminalia ivorensis">Idigbo</a></li>

<li><a href="Ocotea_porosa" title="Ocotea porosa">Imbuia</a></li>

<li><a href="Iroko" title="Iroko">Iroko</a></li>

<li><a href="Eucalyptus_marginata" title="Eucalyptus marginata">Jarrah</a></li>

<li><a href="Dyera_costulata" title="Dyera costulata">Jelutong</a></li>

<li><a href="Lignum_vitae" title="Lignum vitae">Lignum vitae</a></li>

<li><a href="Tilia" title="Tilia">Linden (lime, basswood)</a></li>

<li><a href="Lovoa_trichilioides" title="Lovoa trichilioides">Lovoa</a></li>

<li><a href="Intsia_bijuga" title="Intsia bijuga">Merbau</a></li>

<li><a href="Mahogany" title="Mahogany">Mahogany</a> (<a href="Swietenia_macrophylla" title="Swietenia macrophylla">American</a>, <a href="Khaya" title="Khaya">African</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Maple" title="Maple">Maple</a></li>

<li><a href="Shorea" title="Shorea">Meranti</a></li>

<li><a href="Pterocarpus" title="Pterocarpus">Padauk</a></li>

<li><a href="Peltogyne" title="Peltogyne">Purpleheart</a></li>

<li><a href="Guibourtia_ehie" title="Guibourtia ehie">Ovankol</a></li>

<li><a href="Gonystylus" title="Gonystylus">Ramin</a></li>

<li><a href="Schinopsis" title="Schinopsis">Red Quebracho</a></li>

<li><a href="Rosewood" title="Rosewood">Rosewood</a></li>

<li><a href="Rubberwood" title="Rubberwood">Rubberwood</a></li>

<li><a href="Sapele" title="Sapele">Sapele</a></li>

<li><a href="Podocarpus_totara" title="Podocarpus totara">Totara</a></li>

<li><a href="Entandrophragma" title="Entandrophragma">Utile</a></li>

<li><a href="Juglans" title="Juglans">Walnut</a></li>

<li><a href="Millettia_laurentii" title="Millettia laurentii">Wenge</a></li>

<li><a href="Willow" title="Willow">Willow</a></li>

<li><a href="Zebrawood" title="Zebrawood">Zebrano</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:3.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Engineered_wood" title="Engineered wood">Engineered</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Cross-laminated_timber" title="Cross-laminated timber">Cross-laminated</a></li>

<li><a href="Glued_laminated_timber" title="Glued laminated timber">Glue laminated</a></li>

<li><a href="Hardboard" title="Hardboard">Hardboard</a></li>

<li><a href="Particle_board" title="Particle board">Particle board</a></li>

<li><a href="Plywood" title="Plywood">Plywood</a></li>

<li><a href="Wood-plastic_composite" class="mw-redirect" title="Wood-plastic composite">Wood-plastic composite</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Abrasive" title="Abrasive">Abrasives</a></li>

<li><a href="Burnisher" title="Burnisher">Burnisher</a></li>

<li><a href="Chisel" title="Chisel">Chisel</a></li>

<li><a href="Drawknife" title="Drawknife">Drawknife</a></li>

<li><a href="Drill" title="Drill">Drill</a></li>

<li><a href="Fence_(woodworking)" title="Fence (woodworking)">Fence</a></li>

<li><a href="Float_(woodworking)" title="Float (woodworking)">Float</a></li>

<li><a href="Gimlet_(tool)" title="Gimlet (tool)">Gimlet</a></li>

<li><a href="Gauge_(instrument)" title="Gauge (instrument)">Gauge</a></li>

<li><a href="Impact_driver" title="Impact driver">Impact driver</a></li>

<li><a href="Janka_hardness_test" title="Janka hardness test">Janka hardness test</a></li>

<li><a href="Jointer" title="Jointer">Jointer</a></li>

<li><a href="Mallet" title="Mallet">Mallet</a></li>

<li><a href="Milling_(machining)" title="Milling (machining)">Milling machine</a></li>

<li><a href="Mitre_box" title="Mitre box">Mitre box</a></li>

<li><a href="Router_(woodworking)" title="Router (woodworking)">Router</a></li>

<li><a href="Wood_shaper" title="Wood shaper">Shaper</a></li>

<li><a href="Sandpaper" title="Sandpaper">Sandpaper</a></li>

<li><a href="Square_(tool)" title="Square (tool)">Square</a> (<a href="Steel_square" title="Steel square">Carpenters</a>, <a href="Combination_square" title="Combination square">Combination</a>, <a href="Miter_square" title="Miter square">Miter</a>, <a href="Speed_square" title="Speed square">Speed</a>, <a href="Try_square" title="Try square">Try</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Thickness_planer" title="Thickness planer">Thickness planer</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_timber_framing_tools" title="List of timber framing tools">Timber-framing</a></li>

<li><a href="Veneer_hammer" title="Veneer hammer">Veneer hammer</a></li>

<li><a href="Warrington_hammer" title="Warrington hammer">Warrington hammer</a></li>

<li><a href="Winding_stick" title="Winding stick">Winding sticks</a></li>

<li><a href="Wood_scribe" title="Wood scribe">Wood scribe</a></li>

<li><a href="Workbench_(woodworking)" title="Workbench (woodworking)">Workbench</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:3.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Clamp_(tool)" title="Clamp (tool)">Clamps</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Band_clamp" title="Band clamp">Band clamp</a></li>

<li><a href="C-clamp" title="C-clamp">C-clamp</a></li>

<li><a href="F-clamp" title="F-clamp">F-clamp</a></li>

<li><a href="Flooring_clamp" title="Flooring clamp">Flooring clamp</a></li>

<li><a href="Gripe_(tool)" title="Gripe (tool)">Gripe</a></li>

<li><a href="Holdfast_(tool)" title="Holdfast (tool)">Holdfast</a></li>

<li><a href="Mitre_clamp" class="mw-redirect" title="Mitre clamp">Mitre clamp</a></li>

<li><a href="Pipe_clamp" title="Pipe clamp">Pipe clamp</a></li>

<li><a href="Sawbuck" title="Sawbuck">Sawbuck</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:3.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Saw" title="Saw">Saws</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Backsaw" title="Backsaw">Backsaw</a></li>

<li><a href="Bandsaw" title="Bandsaw">Bandsaw</a></li>

<li><a href="Bucksaw" title="Bucksaw">Bucksaw</a></li>

<li><a href="Chainsaw" title="Chainsaw">Chainsaw</a></li>

<li><a href="Circular_saw" title="Circular saw">Circular</a></li>

<li><a href="Compass_saw" title="Compass saw">Compass</a></li>

<li><a href="Coping_saw" title="Coping saw">Coping</a></li>

<li><a href="Crosscut_saw" title="Crosscut saw">Crosscut</a></li>

<li><a href="Frame_saw" title="Frame saw">Frame</a></li>

<li><a href="Fretsaw" title="Fretsaw">Fretsaw</a></li>

<li><a href="Jigsaw_(tool)" title="Jigsaw (tool)">Jigsaw</a></li>

<li><a href="Keyhole_saw" title="Keyhole saw">Keyhole</a></li>

<li><a href="Miter_saw" title="Miter saw">Miter</a></li>

<li><a href="Ripsaw" title="Ripsaw">Ripsaw</a></li>

<li><a href="Scroll_saw" title="Scroll saw">Scroll</a></li>

<li><a href="Table_saw" title="Table saw">Table</a></li>

<li><a href="Veneer_saw" title="Veneer saw">Veneer</a></li>

<li><a href="Whipsaw" title="Whipsaw">Whipsaw</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:3.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Plane_(tool)" title="Plane (tool)">Planes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Bedrock_plane" title="Bedrock plane">Bedrock plane</a></li>

<li><a href="Block_plane" title="Block plane">Block plane</a></li>

<li><a href="Chamfer_plane" title="Chamfer plane">Chamfer plane</a></li>

<li><a href="Compass_plane" class="mw-redirect" title="Compass plane">Compass plane</a></li>

<li><a href="Finger_plane" title="Finger plane">Finger plane</a></li>

<li><a href="Fore_plane" title="Fore plane">Fore plane</a></li>

<li><a href="Grooving_plane" title="Grooving plane">Grooving plane</a></li>

<li><a href="Jack_plane" title="Jack plane">Jack plane</a></li>

<li><a href="Japanese_plane" title="Japanese plane">Japanese plane</a></li>

<li><a href="Jointer_plane" title="Jointer plane">Jointer plane</a></li>

<li><a href="Moulding_plane" title="Moulding plane">Moulding plane</a></li>

<li><a href="Razee_plane" title="Razee plane">Razee plane</a></li>

<li><a href="Rebate_plane" title="Rebate plane">Rebate plane</a></li>

<li><a href="Router_plane" title="Router plane">Router plane</a></li>

<li><a href="Scrub_plane" title="Scrub plane">Scrub plane</a></li>

<li><a href="Shoulder_plane" title="Shoulder plane">Shoulder plane</a></li>

<li><a href="Smoothing_plane" title="Smoothing plane">Smoothing plane</a></li>

<li><a href="Spokeshave" title="Spokeshave">Spokeshave</a></li>

<li><a href="Surform" title="Surform">Surform</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geometry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:3.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Joinery" title="Joinery">Joints</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Birdsmouth_joint" title="Birdsmouth joint">Birdsmouth</a></li>

<li><a href="Biscuit_joiner" title="Biscuit joiner">Biscuit</a></li>

<li><a href="Bridle_joint" title="Bridle joint">Bridle</a></li>

<li><a href="Butterfly_joint" title="Butterfly joint">Butterfly</a></li>

<li><a href="Coping_(joinery)" title="Coping (joinery)">Coping</a></li>

<li><a href="Crown_of_Thorns_(woodworking)" title="Crown of Thorns (woodworking)">Crown of thorns</a></li>

<li><a href="Dovetail_joint" title="Dovetail joint">Dovetail</a></li>

<li><a href="Finger_joint" title="Finger joint">Finger</a></li>

<li><a href="Groove_(joinery)" title="Groove (joinery)">Groove</a></li>

<li><a href="Halved_joint" title="Halved joint">Halved</a></li>

<li><a href="Hammer-headed_tenon" title="Hammer-headed tenon">Hammer-headed tenon</a></li>

<li><a href="Mason's_mitre" class="mw-redirect" title="Mason's mitre">Mason's mitre</a></li>

<li><a href="Miter_joint" title="Miter joint">Miter</a></li>

<li><a href="Mortise_and_tenon" title="Mortise and tenon">Mortise and tenon</a></li>

<li><a href="Rabbet" title="Rabbet">Rabbet/Rebate</a></li>

<li><a href="Scarf_joint" title="Scarf joint">Scarf</a></li>

<li><a href="Splice_joint" title="Splice joint">Splice</a></li>

<li><a href="Tongue_and_groove" title="Tongue and groove">Tongue and groove</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:3.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Molding_(decorative)" title="Molding (decorative)">Profiles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Bevel" title="Bevel">Bevel</a></li>

<li><a href="Chamfer" title="Chamfer">Chamfer</a></li>

<li><a href="Ogive" title="Ogive">Ogive</a></li>

<li><a href="Ovolo" title="Ovolo">Ovolo</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:3.5em;font-weight:normal;">Surface piecing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Purfling#Binding" title="Purfling">Binding</a></li>

<li><a href="Edge_banding" title="Edge banding">Edge banding</a></li>

<li><a href="Intarsia" title="Intarsia">Intarsia</a></li>

<li><a href="Marquetry" title="Marquetry">Marquetry</a></li>

<li><a href="Oystering" title="Oystering">Oystering</a></li>

<li><a href="Parquet" title="Parquet">Parquetry</a></li>

<li><a href="Purfling" title="Purfling">Purfling</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Treatments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Wood_glue" title="Wood glue">Adhesive</a></li>

<li><a href="French_polish" title="French polish">French polish</a></li>

<li><a href="Heat_bending_of_wood" title="Heat bending of wood">Heat bending</a></li>

<li><a href="Lacquer" title="Lacquer">Lacquer</a></li>

<li><a href="Paint" title="Paint">Paint</a></li>

<li><a href="Paint_stripper" title="Paint stripper">Paint stripper</a></li>

<li><a href="Steam_bending" title="Steam bending">Steam bending</a></li>

<li><a href="Wood_preservation#Heat_treatments" title="Wood preservation">Thermal</a></li>

<li><a href="Varnish" title="Varnish">Varnish</a></li>

<li><a href="Wood_drying" title="Wood drying">Wood drying</a></li>

<li><a href="Wood_preservation" title="Wood preservation">Wood preservation</a></li>

<li><a href="Wood_stain" title="Wood stain">Wood stain</a></li>

<li><a href="Wood_finishing" title="Wood finishing">Wood finishing</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="American_Association_of_Woodturners" title="American Association of Woodturners">American Association of Woodturners</a></li>

<li><a href="Architectural_Woodwork_Institute" title="Architectural Woodwork Institute">Architectural Woodwork Institute</a></li>

<li><a href="British_Woodworking_Federation" title="British Woodworking Federation">British Woodworking Federation</a></li>

<li><a href="Building_and_Wood_Workers'_International" title="Building and Wood Workers' International">Building and Wood Workers' International</a></li>

<li><a href="Caricature_Carvers_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Caricature Carvers of America">Caricature Carvers of America</a></li>

<li><a href="International_Federation_of_Building_and_Wood_Workers" title="International Federation of Building and Wood Workers">International Federation of Building and Wood Workers</a></li>

<li><a href="National_Wood_Carvers_Association" title="National Wood Carvers Association">National Wood Carvers Association</a></li>

<li><a href="Society_of_Wood_Engravers" title="Society of Wood Engravers">Society of Wood Engravers</a></li>

<li><a href="Timber_Framers_Guild" title="Timber Framers Guild">Timber Framers Guild</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Conversion</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Chainsaw_mill" title="Chainsaw mill">Chainsaw mill</a></li>

<li><a href="Hewing" title="Hewing">Hewing</a></li>

<li><a href="Sawmill" title="Sawmill">Sawmill</a></li>

<li><a href="Whipsaw" title="Whipsaw">Whipsaw</a></li>

<li><a href="Wood_splitting" title="Wood splitting">Wood splitting</a></li>

<li><a href="Flat_sawing" title="Flat sawing">Flat sawing</a></li>

<li><a href="Quarter_sawing" title="Quarter sawing">Quarter sawing</a></li>

<li><a href="Rift_sawing" title="Rift sawing">Rift sawing</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Techniques</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Frame_and_panel" title="Frame and panel">Frame and panel</a></li>

<li><a href="Frameless_construction" title="Frameless construction">Frameless construction</a></li>

<li><a href="Green_woodworking" title="Green woodworking">Green woodworking</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div>

<ul><li> Category</li>

<li> WikiProject</li>

<li> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Woodworking" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Woodworking">Commons</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers4883" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers4883" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Taxon identifiers</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Populus</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25356" class="extiw external" title="wikidata:Q25356">Q25356</a></li>

<li><a href="Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Populus" class="extiw external" title="wikispecies:Populus">Populus</a></li>

<li><a href="FloraBase" title="FloraBase">FloraBase</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://florabase.dpaw.wa.gov.au/browse/profile/22616">22616</a></li>

<li><a href="Flora_of_Australia" title="Flora of Australia">FoAO2</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://profiles.ala.org.au/opus/foa/profile/Populus">Populus</a></li>

<li><a href="INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inaturalist.org/taxa/47566">47566</a></li>

<li><a href="Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera" title="Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera">IRMNG</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1360261">1360261</a></li>

<li><a href="National_Biodiversity_Network" title="National Biodiversity Network">NBN</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://species.nbnatlas.org/species/NHMSYS0000461963">NHMSYS0000461963</a></li>

<li><a href="Paleobiology_Database" title="Paleobiology Database">Paleobiology Database</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=55955">55955</a></li>

<li><a href="Natural_Resources_Conservation_Service#Plants" title="Natural Resources Conservation Service">PLANTS</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plants.sc.egov.usda.gov/plant-profile/POPUL">POPUL</a></li>

<li><a href="Plants_of_the_World_Online" title="Plants of the World Online">POWO</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn%3Alsid%3Aipni.org%3Anames%3A328417-2">urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:328417-2</a></li>

<li><a href="Tropicos" title="Tropicos">Tropicos</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tropicos.org/name/40014915">40014915</a></li>

<li>VASCAN: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.canadensys.net/vascan/taxon/1583">1583</a></li>

<li><a href="National_Herbarium_of_Victoria" title="National Herbarium of Victoria">VicFlora</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vicflora.rbg.vic.gov.au/flora/taxon/804616aa-5264-4272-a3c8-6d5bd755e756">804616aa-5264-4272-a3c8-6d5bd755e756</a></li>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

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This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-08-02" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Populus&oldid=1303829032">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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